Nilaish Paper Money Collection

Nilaish Paper Money Collection

Monday, December 30, 2013

Mr Razack finds JB Taylor on an Uniface note!

Government of India, 50 Rupees, 10 March 1920, Red Underprint, Calcutta, 
Signed by James Braid Taylor.  
Image Courtesy: Rezwan Razack 

India's biggest collector of banknotes, Rezwan Razack shared recently with me this myth buster note. I had never heard of J.B. Taylor sign on uniface note! This note establishes the fact that, J.B. Taylor signed few notes. This note has serial number RD/41 43972. Mr Razack is recognized as the author of standard reference guide in Indian Paper Money [1]. I find this coming year to be fun and I am staying buckled to note all what I see and will see! Happy New Year my readers and well wishers!!! 

Sunday, December 22, 2013

My Top 10 Rare Early Banknotes of India

1*
Bank of Bengal, 1819, Uniface Series, 250 Sicca Rupees, Serial Number 8246A, issued at Calcutta, signed by first Accountant Henry Tyler of the bank, later Bank of Bengal merged with Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras to form Imperial Bank of India, which is now known as State Bank of India. Bank of Bengal was the earliest governmental bank in India who issued notes as early as 1812. These notes were cancelled by the bank after making payment to the bearer and took the signature of the Secretary off!  

2* 
Bank of Bengal, 1825, Commerce Series, 100 Sicca Rupees, Serial number 14450, issued at Calcutta, signed by the second accountant H. Henderson of the bank, The signature cut off by the bank and stamped cancelled after paying the bearer. 

3*
Bank of Bengal, 1833, Commerce Series, 100 Sicca Rupees, Serial number 38189, issued at Calcutta, signed by H. Henderson, Cancelled and sign cut. 

4*
Bank of Bengal, 1835, Commerce Series, 50 Sicca Rupees, serial number 47848, issued at Calcutta, signed by the third Accountant H.I. Lee of the bank, Cancelled and cut sign.

5*
Bank of Bengal, 1836, 10 Sicca Rupees, Serial number 34473, issued at Calcutta, signed by H.I. Lee, cancelled and cut sign. 

6*
Bank of Bengal, 1852, 100 company's Rupees, Serial number 40928, issued at Calcutta, signed by H.I. Lee, cancelled and cut sign. 

7*
Bank of Bengal, 1853, 50 Company's Rupees, Serial number 08962, issued at Calcutta, signed by C.N. Cooke accountant of the bank, cancelled and cut sign. 

8*
Bank of Bengal, 1857, 10 Rupees, Britannia series,Serial number 41001, issued at Calcutta, cut from the center, the two halves were sent part-wise for payment to prevent theft or robbery.

9*
Bank of Bombay, 1860, 10 Rupees, Town Hall at the center, Mt Stuart Elphinstone and Sir John Malcolm to the left and right, Serial number A14518, Coat of Arms of East India Company at bottom. 

10*
Bank of Madras, 184X, 3000 Rupees, proof on card, Equestrian statue of Sir Thomas Monroe at the center, Specimen, I have two examples of this note, this is the best grade. 

Note: All notes are from my collection and are not for sale. 







  


Thursday, December 19, 2013

My Top 5 World Banknotes!

It takes a joy to last forever and a feeling to ignite you again and again! Banknotes collecting is a new hobby granulated in rich collectors for the urge of knowing money and its history. Banknotes sometimes dispense needs and buys you freedom but here banknotes buys you information with beauty connoisseur-ship. Collecting is never been easy as a collector tend to save it nor to consume it!  My top 5 banknotes if you ask... I have a list which I am sharing with you. These banknotes are not only rare but speaks about history of the bygone era which must not be forgotten. It is a challenge because banknotes are destroyed by the issuers when it phases out. Such challenges are prevalent in collecting notes of the British colonial rule around the world, e.g. India. 

1) BLACK DRAGON NOTE:  In my list the note which I have ranked number 1 is from China. This banknote is a rarest banknote I have ever seen. In around 1909 the Qing dynasty restructured both the Imperial banks and the issuing authorities to establish the Kwangsi Bank. In the modern history of Chinese banknotes Kwangxi became the earliest province to have a bank. At that time, Xuan Tong Year 2 (1909), Kwangsi Bank issued their banknotes known to the Nan-Ning people as the "Ooi-Long note". This literally means black dragon note, and is highly sought after by collectors. The "Ooi-Long Note" was printed in Japan, with a print run of two hundred thousand for the 1 yuan denomination and two hundred thousand pieces for the 5 yuan denomination. According to a press release in Nan-Ning dated 9 June 2006, a collector chanced upon one of these rare examples of a $5 note in a Nan-Ning market place in April 1994, purchasing it at a very high price. The note was subsequently repurchased by Chinese officials. 
1909, Kwangsi Bank, 1 Yuan banknote, Extremely rare, 
Sold for over £80,000 at Spink Hong Kong Sale in 2010.
Curtsey: SPINK

2) AUSTRALIAN 10 SHILLINGS NOTEThe first Australian currency note, bearing the ten shilling denomination, celebrates its centennial in 2013 as the most valuable pieces of Australian numismatic history in existence. The 10 shilling note, with the serial number M000001, was issued on May 1, 1913. The official numbering ceremony took place at the government printing works, which was then located at the King’s Warehouse at the western end of Flinders Street in Melbourne. The serial number was printed on the note by means of a hand-operated press by the Honourable Judith Denman, the five-year-old daughter of then Governor General Lord Denman. The note was then presented by Prime Minister Andrew Fisher to little Judith. And then the note disappeared from history, not to see the light of day for nearly 90 years! Other face values from £1 to £1,000 followed during the years 1913–1915, but the 10 shilling was the very first denomination - and the serial number M000001 the very first of these!
1913 10 Shillings banknote
Image Curtesy: Talismancoins.com

3) $ 1000 NOTE OF GENERAL MEADE: In a signature auction of Heritage Auctions (USA's leading auction house of collectibles) held between 24th April and 28th April 2013; Heritage sold this banknote for US$ 2.5 million. It is recorded as the unique banknote in the auction and bid was opened at US$ 1.2 million. The only other example is reported to be housed in the National Numismatic Collection of the Smithsonian Institution. As the museum was lucky enough, as it was transferred there by the treasury department shortly after printing. The 1891 $1,000 note  has similar basic design features with the famous "Grand Watermelon" note of 1890, which is well-known among collectors, despite being the more common of the two notes. A spectacular example of the note once held the previous US world record, after selling for US$2.2 million at Heritage Auctions back in 2006.  Another example of the Grand Watermelon sold for US$1.5 million in the present auction, as one of only seven examples known to exist. 
General Meade Portrait used on banknotes 

The only known example of 1891 $1,000 treasury note with the portrait of General Meade. 
Image Courtesy: HA 

4) ONE MILLION POUNDS NOTE: It was one of only nine given to the UK by the U.S. in President Harry Truman's Marshall Aid plan after World War Two. This note (below) was sold by SPINK for £80,000. These notes were issued in August 1948. Only two notes were in circulation of this type. The green banknote is number seven of the nine given to the UK. It is believed two of the notes were later given as mementos to the respective U.S. and British Treasury secretaries at the time. Marshall Aid, named after U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall, was funding for Western Europe from the U.S. between 1948 and 1951. The notes were only in use for six weeks and were never meant for public circulation. They were only intended for internal use between financial institutions to track money, reported the Daily Telegraph. Number 000007 was sold in a private sale for £8,000 ($13,000) in 1977 and listed by the Guinness Book of Records as the highest denomination privately owned at the time. It says: 'This Treasury note entitles the Bank of England to payment of one million pounds on demand out of the consolidated fund of the United Kingdom.' The U.S. loaned the money at the time because it thought a strong Western Europe would help be a buffer to contain the rise of Russian communism. 
 £1 miilion pounds note.
Image Courtesy: BBC UK 

5) 1938, RESERVE BANK OF INDIA 10,000 RUPEES! On 1st April 1935, Reserve Bank of India started its public operations and they began issuing notes in 1938. Out of their first issues in 1938, Rs. 10,000 note is very rare signed by Sir James Braid Taylor (2nd Governor of RBI). Less than 5 examples known to exist and two specimens remain in the RBI Monetary Museum and Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford (UK) respectively. A pleasing rare note and never seen in any auction catalogue for past 15 years. They demonetized the note in 1957 and notes were returned to the bank for exchange, which were shredded.  
1938, RBI Rs. 10,000 note! 
Image Courtesy: Kishore Jhunjhunwalla 

N.B. THIS LIST IS PURELY MY PERSONAL PREFERENCE AND NOT AN OFFICIAL LIST, These notes are not from my collection.  

Sunday, November 24, 2013

Rice Puller Racket!

BEWARE NOTE COLLECTORS AND READERS!!!

"There is an organized crime agency who are scamming people by Rice Puller or RP myth. Several amateurs contacted me to find one or deal one. It is run by a top skimmer sitting abroad with all fake or tainted stories, don't fall in with them." 

NOTE: I am blogging this article for public awareness and as an alert.

Being an Avid collector of Indian Paper Money since 1999, I had been approached by several people posing themselves as MIB agents. They will all speak about a source, where you can find the verified Rice-Puller note or Rice-Puller coin, throughout India. I am putting my research on this topic below. I will briefly describe here the immaculate plan leading to indefinite addiction and evasion of hard earned money.

East India Eagle Note or Rice Puller Note: 


FANTASY NOTE
This above note was never issued by any government body in India. East India Company ceased to rule India in 1858, Queen Victoria's Proclamation vested India into colonial British Rule. This is not a legal note for following reasons: 
a. Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1st April 1935. They issued 100 Rs notes in 1938,whose design is used to create this fantasy. 
b.The note appears to have forged signature of C.D. Deshmukh, who was the third governor of Reserve Bank of India. He chaired RBI in 1943. 
c. Original notes have different security thread running from top to bottom, unlike this note. 
d. Rice Puller story is cooked with this note to scam people. 
e. East India Company only issued coins never notes. Although some government banks issued notes. 

Comment:
Fake dealers will tell you that the thread in this fantasy note has Rice Puller Act or Copper Iridium in it, which has radiation and all bullocks!!! I will suggest to the Crime Control Wing of our country to track these criminals who are attempting to fool innocent young people by saying that!!! Copper Iridium is a metal which is used in Nuclear Reactions. Again a dumb trick!!! When you ask them to show the item, they will ask you for lakhs of rupees for the show! They will also call some Benz guy with billionaire outfit to mesmerize your addictive hopes. He will swear on you about verification of this by this and that foreign company, which doesn't exist and never existed... all are eye-wash to make you fall in it and loose your time and money! I am quoting the right words heard from a skimmer, whom I have met, "Crime Needs Time." After insisting a lot also, he never disclosed his identity and name but brandished his richness among us!!! What a dumb guy! Taught me the logic also: "Behind his fortune there is a crime."

A BIGGER VERSION WILL BE SOON PUBLISHED IN MY MAGAZINE!!! WAIT FOR THE DETAILED INFO!!!!

Wednesday, November 13, 2013

World War II time rarest one rupee note!

1944 Issued, Govt. of India, 1 Rupee, Black serial with inset A, A rare note!
Image Courtesy: SPINK & SONS LTD. (London) 

The above note with obverse and reverse image of 1940 coin and signature of C.E. Jones might appear a common one rupee British India note! If seen keenly the serial number W/44 569445 in black with inset A makes it extremely rare note among the series issued in 1944. There are following varieties found in this series:

TYPE 1:
1944 Issue, Govt. of India, 1 Rupee, Serial number in black A/17 660359 without inset. 

TYPE 2:
1944 Issue, Govt. of India, 1 Rupee, Serial number in green A/84 505492 with inset A. 
TYPE 3:
1944 Issue design, Originally issued on 15th Aug. 1947, Serial number in red D/93 062678 without inset. Rare note!

TYPE 4:
As shown above (top first note). 

SPINK & SONS LTD., auctioned type 4 for £1,250 (inclusive of buyer's premium and VAT) at London in their 2nd Oct., 2013 World Banknotes sale. Other similar looking banknotes were also issued for BURMA and PAKISTAN with different overprints. Barnaby Faull, SPINK auctioneer comments in his catalogue, "Two sets of staple holes, otherwise uncirculated, a very rare type and in wonderful condition, to the best of our knowledge, we have not sold a note of this type for at least ten years." Amazing results I would say!

Saturday, October 12, 2013

Some remarkable notes acquired recently!


1.
Bank of Bengal, 1819, 250 Sicca Rupees, Signed by Accountant Henry Tyler, 
Serial 8246A, rare.

2. 
Government of India, 15 August 1904, 10 Rupees, Green underprint, Type RR/KJ No. 2A.2.2A.1, Calcutta, Signed by A.F. Cox, Serial No. RA/16 85548. Rare. 

3. 
Government of India, 1925, 5 Rupees, Signed by H. Denning, RR/KJ No. 3.4, 
Rare sign. 

4.
Hyderabad, 1918, Osmania 10 Rupees, Signed by RR Glancy for Moin-ul-Muham, 
Rare English sign, Printed by Waterlow & Sons Ltd. London, RR/KJ No. 7.8, Rare. 

5.
Banque de L'IndoChine, 8 September 1945, 1 Roupie, Pondichery, Vignette of Profile of Marianne on left,  Promise text in French and English, Signed by Emile Minost (President) and Jean Laurent (Director-General), Exceedingly rare. 

6.
Hyderabad, 1 Rupee, 1943, Signed by Ghulam Muhammad, sign 1, Printed by Govt. Central Press, Malakpet, Hyderabad, rare.

7. 
Reserve Bank of India, 5 Rupees, 15th September 1947, Signed by C.D. Deshmukh, 
Red Serial D/89 4000654, rare.

8.
Reserve Bank of India, Provisional issue (Pakistan), 10 Rupees, 1948, Signed by C.D. Deshmukh, 
Green serial H/49 940808, Scarce. 

9.
Reserve Bank of India, 1954, 1000 Rupees, Calcutta, Signed by B. Rama Rau, Rare. 

10
Reserve Bank of India, 1975, 1000 Rupees, Signed by N.C. Sengupta, Scarce in this condition. 


NOTE: All notes are from my private collection and are not for sale - Nilaish, Esq. 






Saturday, August 24, 2013

Rare Currency Notes on offer!

"Collecting rare banknotes is a lifelong obsession for many collectors of paper money, it is utter shame to neglect the rare notes which forms the foundation of Indian Numismatics."

Nilaish Sharma, F.R.N.S., M.B.A., Esq. 
Proprietor, BIDS & WINS Enterprise 
Fellow of Royal Numismatic Society 

I have been collecting Indian Paper Money since 1999. Earlier ca. 1999, I was interested only in 1 Rupee notes which later transformed into a very obsessive whole new field called, Indian Paper Money! I was only a collector of ordinary nature back then, came across the notes with cut note dealers in Patna, which later fastened my visit to SPINK, London in 2011 for the first time. All these years grabbing the finest opportunity to meet renowned collectors and Auction companies was my fortunate luck. I was surprised to notice that only few collectors of Indian Paper Money fall into the category of early paper money of India (1800-1861). Rest others consume their capacity and interest in British India Portrait Notes. I will like to outline some rare early paper money of India between 1800 and 1861 A.D. currently offered by our partner company Priceless Collectables LLP. A very few examples remain of these notes.

Early Notes in trade: An Introduction 
Indian Paper Money is known in existence since 1812, when Bank of Bengal was formed by Charter in 1809 A.D by Lord Minto at Calcutta. The earliest notes which were in use between 1810 and 1861 were of banks; Bank of Hindostan, Bank of Bengal, Calcutta Bank, Union Bank, Commercial Bank, Bank of Bombay, Bank of Western India, Oriental Bank, Commercial Bank of India, Asiatic Bank, Madras Government Bank and Bank of Madras. Out of these banks only few notes of Bank of Bengal, Bank of Hindostan, Bank of Bombay, Oriental Bank and Commercial Bank are traded in the market by dealers and auctioneers around the world in the past 10 years. In this blog I will restrict to some rare notes which are on offer by Priceless Collectables LLP .

1. Bank of Bengal, 1814, 250 Sicca Rupees 
Bank of Bengal, 250 Sicca Rupees, 14th July 1814, cut-sign, 
top left slight corner missing, Serial number 2644A, 
signed by Accountant: Henry Tyler 
Image Courtesy: Nilaish, Esq.

In Razack et al. (2012) these notes are catalogued having reference number: 1A.3.1.1. The plate note in the book has date 3rd September 1812. The other close dates in private collections are; 22nd October 1813 and May 1819. This date is observed on this note only so far. The existence is estimated less than 10-20 in the world of this type. A very rare note indeed is currently on offer at a very conservative estimate of INR 18,00,000-19,00,000. It will appeal to the collector who considers investing in the foundation of Indian Numismatics.

2. Bank of Bengal, 1832, 1000 Sicca Rupees
Bank of Bengal, 6th June 1832, 1000 Sicca Rupees, Ink burn, PMG 20
Image Courtesy: Nilaish, Esq.

Razack et al. (2012) reports type as 1A.3.6.9. Commerce Series: Allegorical Lady sitting on the articles of merchandise. Signature is cut out from the lower left. Serial number 15939 on the centre on right and left at the top. The note is signed by the second accountant of Bank of Bengal, H. Henderson (1824-1836). The same type is in RBI monetary museum with serial number 15940. This banknote is uncatalogued in the auction catalogues. Thus, makes it rarely seen. Cancelled stamp on the centre. It is very hard to ascertain the price as the price works purely on the demand and supply, but conservatively we estimate the value between: INR. 17,50,000-18,00,000. 

3. Bank of Bengal, 1853, 1000 Company's Rupees
Bank of Bengal, 15th April 1853, Signed by Accountant C.N. Cooke, Secretary J.B. Plumb 
PMG 8, Repaired at the back, exceedingly rare and thus presentable. 

Razack et al. (2012) reports this as 1A.3.9.9. The Bank of Bengal on 15th April 1853 issued this currency note of denomination 1000 Company’s Rupees. Signature is from the left lower middle edge. Serial no. 11887 on the top near the personified Commerce. This banknote is uncatalogued in the major banknote auction catalogues. Thus, makes it rarely seen because the signature is intact which is of J.B. Plumb. Cancelled stamp on the centre of  Bank of Bengal dated in 1901 thus an interesting notice. PMG 8 only graded note of this type. We conservatively estimate this note between INR 18,00,000-19,00,000. 

4. Bank of Bombay, 1857, Ten Rupees
Bank of Bombay, 1857, Ten Rupees, Un-cut, Exceedingly rare. 

Razack et al. (2012) reports this as type 1B.1.2.1. Very rarely traded in the market. Slightly repaired but very presentable. We welcome interest on this note as only few Bank of Bombay notes remain in the market for collectors.Please do ask the price for this note.

Reference:
Razack, Rezwan; Jhunjhunwalla, Kishore; (2012), “The Revised Standard Reference Guide to Indian Paper Money”, 1st edn., Currencies & Coins, Mumbai. 

For buying any of these notes please immediately contact: nilaish@in.com  













Sunday, August 11, 2013

A five rupees torn banknote of Commercial Bank of India ca. 1845 was sold for US$5000!

Commercial Bank of India, ca. 1845, 5 Rupees, unissued banknote into two halves 
Image Curtsey: Archives International Auction (USA) 

The above 5 Rupees banknote of Commercial Bank of India torn into two halves was sold by Archives International Auction (USA) for US$ 5000! This banknote was sold on 4th June 2004 through online auction. There are only two denominations known of this banknotes, one is 5 Rupees and 10 Rupees (Razack et al. 2012). These notes were printed by Batho & Bingley, Lombard St., London. It appears that a very few banknotes have survived, out of which two to three banknotes are noticed so far. A very rare Indian banknote indeed!

Saturday, August 10, 2013

Engraving and printing of Indian Paper Money before Act of 1861

Nilaish, MBA
Fellow of Royal Numismatic Society

Introduction
           
Indian early paper money is known since 1770 A.D. but there is no example known till today before 1812 A.D. Several private and presidency banks regulated the currency norms in Indian economy between 1810 and 1861 A.D. The Governor General of India in 1809-10, Lord Gilbert Minto granted Royal Charter to Bank of Bengal as Presidency Bank of the Bengal Presidency. Thus, the trend of semi governmental banking system evolved in India. Later Bombay and Madras Presidency also founded Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras in 1840 and 1843 respectively. Out of three, Bank of Bengal was the earliest semi-government bank which issued currency notes in the province. All three banks and with some private banks of India first in history witnessed the fabric of Indian Paper Money. The earliest currency notes were denominated in ‘Sicca Rupees’ moving to Company’s Rupees and finally into Rupees. The designs of the early currency notes of India evolved from designs without vignettes to vignettes and many other features also evolved.  The Currency Act of 1861 was passed which enforced Government of India as central note producing body only. The Bank of Bengal, Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras merged in 1921-22 to form Imperial Bank of India, which was later renamed as, State Bank of India by SBI Act of 1955.

Early Printing
It is understood that the banknotes of Bank of Hindostan were ordered to be printed by the printers of Provincial Banks notes of England. It is also recorded that notes were engraved by Ashby (Razack et al. 2012). His full name was, Harry Ashby [see below], was writing engraver around 1803, who engraved some early banknotes of Indian banks. There are two banknotes which supports this assumption of printing of these notes in England, one banknote of denomination four Sicca Rupees (Razack et al. 2012) which has watermark: Oswestry Old Bank at the bottom and at the top Croxon, Jones & Co. Ltd.; and another, a five pounds banknote of Provincial Bank (Razack et al. 2012) which has watermark of Bank of Hindostan. The Oswestry is the meeting point of Shropshire (England) and Wales. Croxon, Jones & Co (Old Bank) Ltd, Oswestry, 1792-1894.

Harry Ashby in 1803
Image Curtsey: British Museum. Bibliography: O'Donoghue, Freeman; Hake, Henry M, Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, 6 vols, London, 1908.

Bank of Bengal’s note issues are broadly categorized into three broad series; viz.,Unifaced, Commerce and Britannia Series. It is assumed that the early unifaced notes were printed by Perkins & Heath London?, however there is no mention on the survived notes. James Dunbar Heath (1913: 103) published an account of the Perkins & Bacon Co. London who printed commerce series notes of Bank of Bengal. He mentioned that in 1819, Jacob Perkins, an engraver, an inventor, of Boston (USA) was advised by Sir C. Bagot, the British Minister in America with a mission to secure contract for engraving banknotes of Bank of England. It is also mentioned that how the steel hardened plates were used to print the banknotes. The Commerce Series of Bank of Bengal shows the name of the printers between 1824 and 1856 as: 
Printers and engravers on Presidency Banks notes

Banknote of Provincial Bank having watermark of Bank of Hindostan. 
The design is similar to the Bank of Hindostan Banknote. 
Image Curtsey: londoncoins.co.uk

Four Sicca Rupees banknote of Bank of Hindostan has watermark of Oswestry Old Bank
Image Curtsey: Rezwan Razack

The chief point of the Steel Hardened plate process were, the engraving on small pieces of soft steel of intricate patterns vignettes and other portions of the banknote or other document, which after the steel was hardened, were transformed by pressure to a soft steel-roller. This in turn was hardened, and the various portions of the designs transferred to the steel printing plates. Thus any number of plates could be made, each identical in every line with the original. However, he was not able to secure the contract but another engraver, Mr. G. Fairman, and Charles Heath founded on the advice of Sir Joseph Banks, the firm Perkins, Fairman & Heath and obtained large orders from English Banks, which at the time were allowed to issue £1 notes. The date of foundation is believed to be in December, 1819; but by 1822 the name had been altered to Perkins & Heath and later to Perkins & Bacon. In 1834 Mr. Petch joining the company changed the name Perkins, Bacon & Petch, and in 1852 the name was again altered to Perkins Bacon & Co. The Perkins Bacon & Co., were located at 69, Fleet Street, London till 1904. The Perkins, Bacon & Co. London printed banknotes of Bank of Bengal between 1824 and 1856. They also printed the banknotes of Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras. 

Notes & References: 
1. Heath, James Dunbar; (1913), “Records of the Heath family”, George Heath private circulation, Chapter VIII, London, 1st edn., p.103. 
2. Bruyante; James B.; (1900), “An Account of the Presidency Banks”, Office of the Superintendent of Govt. of India, India Papers of British Library. 
3. Bagachi; Amiya; (1987), “Evolution of the State Bank of India: Part I”, Oxford University Press, 1st edn., Out of print. 
4. Bengal Government; (1930), “Report of the Bengal Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee 1929-30”, Report, Vol. 1, Calcutta: Bengal Government Press. 
5. Cline, G.W.; (1869), “Remarks on Paper Currency in India”, India papers, British Library. 
6. Scutt Symes, G.P.; (1904), “The History of the Bank of Bengal”, The Bank of Bengal Press, Calcutta, 1st edn. 
7. Razack, Rezwan; Jhunjhunwalla, Kishore; (2012), “The Revised Standard Reference Guide to Indian Paper Money”, 1st edn., Currencies & Coins, Mumbai. 
8. This article covers concisely the engravers and printers of early paper money of India (1800-1860). The elaborate editions will be soon available in the form of a book: "From Rupees to Paper Promise - A History of Indian Paper Money" Authored by Nilaish Sharma FRNS. 
9. My sincere acknowledgement to Mr Rezwan Razack who shaped the numismatic instinct in me, in the right sense.